Part I Photochemistry and photo-fabrication
Chapter 1 Photochemistry
1-1 Introduction
1-2 Photochemistry
1-2-1 Energy diagram
1-2-2 Electronic structures
1-2-3 Electronic transition
1-2-4 Absorption and excitation spectra
1-2-5 Photochemical reactions
1-2-5-1 Reactions
1-2-5-2 Sensitizer
1-3 Light source
1-4 Light and medicine
Chapter 2 Photochemical processed materials
2-1 Photochemical processes for polymeric materials
2-1-1 Photo-polymerization
2-1-1-1 Polymerization mechanism
2-1-1-2 Photo-initiators
2-1-1-3 Visible-light initiators
2-1-1-4 Macromolecular photoinitiator
2-1-1-5 Photo-iniferter
2-1-2 Photo-reactive polymers
2-1-2-1 Photo-reactive groups
2-1-2-2 Photo-reactive polymer by polymerization
A Synthetic polymers
B Natural polymers
2-2 Photo-degradation
Chapter 3 Photo-fabrication
3-1 Introduction
3-2 Planar fabrication and 2D structuring
3-2-1 Micro-patterning
3-2-2 Undeformative processing
3-2-3 Additive processing
3.2.3.A Surface modification
“Grafting-to”
“Grafting-from”
Controlled/living grafting
Photo-iniferter graft polymerization
Topological 2D patterning
3.2.3.B Deposition and transfer of biomaterials
Pulsed laser deposition (PLD)
Laser-induced forward transfer (LIFT)
3.2.4 Substrate processing
Photo-ablation
Surface nano-structuring
3-3 3D structure and volume processing
3.3.1 Stereolithography
3.3.2 Ultrafast laser 3D fabrication
3.3.2.A Principle of 3D fabrication by ultrafast laser
3.3.2.B Undeformative 3D fabrication
3.3.2.C Subtractive 3D fabrication
3.3.2.D Additive 3D fabrication (two-photon polymerization)
Medical and tissue engineering applications
3D printing of proteins
3.3.2.E Hybrid 3D fabrication
3-4 Conculsions
Part II Applications for diagnostics
Chapter 4 Microarray chips (in vitro diagnosis)
4-1 introduction
4-2 Microarrays for gene analysis
4-3 Microarrays for protein analyses
4-4 Other Microarrays
4-5 Automated Systems
Chapter 5 Clinical Diagnostic Imaging
5-1 Introduction
5-2 Targeting
5-2-1 Targeting methodology for clinical image diagnosis
5-2-2 Contrast agent targeting for clinical image diagnosis
5-2-3 Characteristics of photochemical contrast agent systems
5-3 Carriers used for imaging diagnosis
5-3-1 Polymeric materials
5-3-2 Dendrimers
5-3-3 Liposomes
5-3-4 Polymeric micelles
5-3-5 Metal nanoparticles
a Quantum dots
b Silica nanoparticles
c Gold nanoparticles
d Iron oxide nanoparticles
5-4 Applications of optical imaging
5-4-1 Categories of optical imaging agents for medical diagnoses
5-4-2 Recent advanced developments in optical techniques for imaging diagnoses
5-4-3 Near-Infrared fluorescence (NIRF) imaging
A Non-targeted contrast agents
B Non-targeted activatable agents
C Targeted agents
D Clinical applications
5-4-4 Photoacoustic tomography
5-4-5 Raman spectroscopy (surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, SERS)
Part III Applications for therapeutics
Chapter 6 Surface modification for medical devices
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Non-biofouling/biofouling micropatterned surface
6.2.1 Synthetic polymer
6.2.1.1 Amphiphilic polymer
6.2.1.1a Cell spreading and adhesive areas
6.2.1.1b Cell geometry
6.2.1.1c Cell protrusion
6.2.1.1d Cell density and cell-cell interaction
6.2.1.1e Cell orientation
6.2.1.2 Zwitterionic polymer
6.2.1.3 Stimuli-responsive polymer
6.2.2 Natural polymer
6.2.2.1 Protein
6.2.2.2 Polysaccharide
6.3 Biologically active surfaces
6.3.1 Cell adhesion enhancement
6.3.2 Cell growth enhancement
6.3.2.1 Direct immobilization of growth factor
6.3.2.2 Indirect immobilization of growth factor
6.3.3 Other cellular activations
6.3.3.1 Neural extension
6.3.3.2 Differentiation
6.3.3.2a With biosignaling molecules
6.3.3.2b Without biosignaling molecules
6.3.3.3 Stem cell culture
Chapter 7 Dental resin
1. Introduction
2. The structure of tooth
3. The history of dental resin developing
4. The dental adhesive resin
5. Curing system
6. Toxicity of dental resin
7. Research opportunities
Chapter 8 Bioadhesives and Biosealants
1. Introduction
2. UV curable
2.1 Synthetic polymer
2.1a Acrylate-based
2.1b Epoxy-based
2.1c Thiol-ene-based
2.2 Natural polymer
2.2a Protein
2.2b Polysaccharide
i) Hyaluronic acid
ii) Alginate
iii) Chitosan
iv) Dextran
3 Visible light curable
3-1 Synthetic polymer
3.2 Natural polymer
3.2a Protein
3.2b Polysaccharide
3.3c Direct curing with dye
4 Infrared curable
Chapter 9 Drug delivery systems
9-1 Introduction
9-2 Photo-crosslinkable system
9-2-1 Synthetic polymers
9.2.1.1 Non-biodegradable polymers
9.2.1.2 Biodegradable polymers
9.2.2 Natural polymers
9-2-2-1 Protein-base
9-2-2-2 Polysaccharide-base
9-3 Photo-triggered release system
9.3.1 Non-photodegradable matrix
UV/visible system
Photothermal system
9.3.2 Photo-degradable
9.3.2.1 Matrix degradable
Main chain
Crosslinker
Side chain
NIR
9.4 Mutiple-triggered release system
Chapter 10 Photo-crosslinkable Hydrogels for Tissue engineering Applications
1. Introduction
2. Artificial and acellular scaffold
2.1 Gel or prosthesis
2.2 Solid matrix
3. Cell-laden scaffold
Chapter 11 Photodynamic therapy
1. Polymer for photodynamic therapy
2. Targeting tumor through enhanced permeability and retention effect (EPR effect)
3. Polymer design for EPR effect
4. Polymer design for active targeting
5. Conclusion
This book describes medical applications of photochemistry. In the first part, a general introduction to photochemistry and related phototechnologies is provided. In the second part, photochemistry-based medical applications for diagnostics (biochips and bioimaging) and therapeutics (biomaterials for artificial organs, medical adhesives, dental materials, drug-delivery systems, tissue engineering, and photodynamic therapy) are described, with examples of recent research.
